How to Choose a Title Insurance Policy in Ontario (Coverage Comparison)

You’re not choosing between fundamentally different products—Ontario’s four licensed title insurers cover nearly identical risks at regulated prices that vary by maybe $100—so your decision hinges entirely on whether the policy automatically covers your lawyer’s post-closing errors (TitlePLUS does this by default, others charge extra or exclude it entirely), how aggressively the insurer fights claims when fraud or survey disputes emerge years later, and which exclusions will determine if that undisclosed $35,000 lien becomes your problem or theirs; the edifice below systematically isolates these coverage gaps that most buyers discover only when filing claims.

Educational disclaimer (not financial, legal, or tax advice; verify for Ontario, Canada)

Before you make any decisions based on this article, understand that nothing here constitutes financial, legal, or tax advice—this is educational information about title insurance in Ontario, Canada, and if you’re treating it as a substitute for professional counsel, you’re making a category error that could cost you thousands of dollars in missed coverage, regulatory penalties, or tax implications you didn’t anticipate.

When you compare title insurance providers or choose title insurance policies, you’re charting contractual instruments with exclusions that lawyers spend years learning to interpret, and a title insurance comparison chart won’t replace the risk assessment a qualified solicitor performs by examining your property’s specific title history, zoning compliance, and encumbrance profile.

Verify every fact with licensed professionals who understand your transaction’s nuances, because generic educational content can’t account for undisclosed liens, survey errors, or fraud scenarios unique to your purchase. Title defects affect about 10% of real estate transactions, and resolution costs can escalate to $50,000 when problems emerge after closing without proper insurance protection. If you’re a first-time homebuyer, be aware that the land transfer tax applies to all property purchases in Ontario, and understanding this closing cost is essential when budgeting for your transaction alongside title insurance premiums.

Not legal advice [AUTHORITY SIGNAL]

Though this article dissects title insurance policies with granular precision, it carries zero legal authority—you’re reading analysis written by someone who synthesized publicly available information about Ontario title insurance, not a lawyer licensed by the Law Society of Ontario who can examine your specific transaction and advise whether that easement buried in your title search creates liability, whether your lender’s policy leaves you exposed to fraud scenarios, or whether the exclusion language in paragraph 7(c) applies to the survey discrepancy your real estate agent dismissed as trivial.

This title insurance comparison structure helps you understand structural differences between title insurance providers Ontario offers, but you’ll need retained counsel to select title policy features matching your transaction’s risk profile, because internet articles don’t substitute for professionals who carry errors-and-omissions insurance when their advice proves catastrophically wrong. Title insurance policies in Ontario require one-time premium payment that provides ongoing protection for as long as you hold the property, unlike annual insurance renewals you’re accustomed to with home or auto coverage. Proper title insurance protects against fraud and unforeseen issues regardless of whether you’re purchasing independently or structuring complex ownership arrangements with family members.

Who this applies to

When you choose title insurance Ontario providers offer, understanding this applicability structure matters because title insurance comparison reveals coverage varies dramatically based on transaction type.

Residential policies from different insurers might look interchangeable until you compare title insurance exclusions for fraud protection, survey coverage, or post-closing access issues.

While commercial policies require line-by-line analysis since standard forms don’t exist and each insurer structures zoning, environmental, and priority coverage differently.

Commercial title insurance demands careful scrutiny—no standard forms exist, making coverage comparisons essential for adequate protection.

This means the “who needs this” question directly determines which policy features you’ll actually compare when selecting coverage.

Property owners, legal professionals, and lending professionals each have distinct needs when evaluating tailored solutions that address their specific transaction requirements.

Coverage remains effective for as long as ownership persists, distinguishing it from annual insurance products that require renewal.

Ontario buyers

Ontario buyers face a purchasing environment where title insurance operates as standard practice rather than optional protection. This means you’re statistically likely to encounter it during every residential real estate transaction—not because lawyers universally consider it essential, but because lenders mandate it for mortgage approval and real estate lawyers have incorporated it into their closing procedures as default coverage.

When you compare title insurance options, you’ll discover five licensed providers whose policies differ substantially in legal services coverage, exclusions, and premium structures. These premiums typically range from $200–$500 for typical residential properties, calculated roughly at $1 per $1,000 of property value.

Title insurance Ontario regulations permit these variations, making title insurance comparison critical rather than passive acceptance of whatever your lawyer defaults to offering—particularly since TitlePLUS includes legal services coverage automatically while FCT doesn’t. This creates meaningful protection gaps depending on provider selection.

Major providers include Stewart Title, First Canadian Title, Chicago Title, Travellers, and TitlePLUS, with TitlePLUS being the only Canadian company, operated by the Law Society of Upper Canada. Your mortgage broker may recommend specific title insurance providers during the financing process, though the final selection typically occurs through your real estate lawyer.

Title insurance purchase [EXPERIENCE SIGNAL]

Your title insurance purchase unfolds through a deceptively simple transaction that masks substantive coverage decisions most buyers surrender to their lawyer’s default recommendation—a passive approach that ignores how the five licensed Ontario providers structure fundamentally different policies.

With TitlePLUS, there is automatically included legal services coverage that protects you if your lawyer commits negligence during the transaction.

TitlePLUS automatically covers your lawyer’s negligence—protection competitors either exclude entirely or charge extra to provide.

In contrast, First Canadian Title forces you to sue that same lawyer for recovery unless you’ve paid extra for their E&O Extra add-on.

Stewart Title’s StewartPROTECT upgrade still leaves you exposed to post-closing legal errors despite the additional premium.

When you compare title insurance companies, you’ll discover this critical distinction determines whether you’re protected against the professional handling your closing or left litigating against them.

Most title insurance comparison exercises focus on meaningless premium differences of $50–$100 while ignoring coverage gaps worth thousands.

The stakes mirror why homeowners must disclose unpermitted rentals to insurers, as insurance claims can be denied when coverage prerequisites aren’t met regardless of premium payments made.

Understanding property value and location helps explain why premiums differ between providers, though these variations pale against the importance of actual coverage terms.

Title insurance selection overview

How exactly should you evaluate title insurance policies when the industry deliberately obscures the decision behind benign premium comparisons and procedural automation? To choose title insurance Ontario providers intelligently, you must recognize that standardized coverage creates an illusion of equivalence—most policies cover identical title risks (fraud, liens, encroachments), making premium differences marginal theater.

The substantive title insurance comparison occurs in three neglected domains: off-title coverage breadth (building code violations, survey discrepancies), transactional protection availability (FCT and TitlePLUS exclusively offer lawyer negligence coverage), and claims processing reputation, which remains opaque until you’re disputing a $47,000 encroachment remedy.

When you compare title insurance options, ignore the $238–$351 premium spread for sub-$500,000 properties; instead, scrutinize exclusion clauses, since boundary disputes and known violations receive zero protection regardless of provider marketing claims. Your lawyer must present you with any insurer they work with, as they cannot legally force a specific insurer selection during your property transaction. A lawyer is needed to review all title insurance documents and finalize the property sale, so ensure you carefully review all coverage terms and ask questions before signing, as the policy becomes legally binding at closing.

Multiple providers

Why does the title insurance market in Ontario present the paradox of multiple providers selling functionally identical products at nearly identical prices while maintaining the pretense of meaningful competition?

You’re choosing between five legitimate insurers—TitlePLUS, FCT, Chicago Title, Stewart Title, and Travelers—who all charge $250-$500 for standard residential coverage, all protect against essentially the same defects, and all operate under identical regulatory constraints that prevent meaningful differentiation.

The only substantive distinction worth your attention is TitlePLUS’s automatic inclusion of legal services coverage at no extra cost, whereas FCT requires your lawyer to opt into a separate annual program and Stewart charges additional fees for solicitor error protection. Your lawyer likely won’t perform detailed insurer comparisons without charging additional fees for this research.

This isn’t competition driving innovation; it’s regulatory standardization creating the illusion of choice while real differences collapse into a single variable: whether legal coverage costs extra. Consider applying the same strategic approach you’d use when evaluating Energy Star Canada certified home features—prioritizing substantive value over superficial distinctions.

Coverage variations [CANADA-SPECIFIC]

What actually separates one title insurance policy from another in Ontario isn’t the marketing language about “comprehensive protection” but rather three specific coverage categories that determine whether you’ll pay out-of-pocket when something goes wrong: legal services coverage for lawyer errors, extended protections beyond standard title defects, and the treatment of post-closing discoveries that fall into regulatory gray zones.

TitlePLUS automatically includes legal services coverage without additional premiums, meaning their policy absorbs losses from lawyer negligence during your transaction.

First Canadian Title charges an annual fee for their E&O Extra option, while Stewart Title requires a separate StewartPROTECT premium.

This distinction matters because without legal services coverage, you’re suing your lawyer independently to recover post-closing errors, a process that costs money and rarely recovers full damages when the lawyer lacks sufficient malpractice insurance.

While title insurance protects against defects in property ownership, new home buyers in Ontario should also understand Tarion warranty coverage for construction-related issues that emerge after closing.

Conventional title insurance typically covers lawyer negligence only when the error directly relates to an insured risk already listed in your policy schedule.

Price differences [PRACTICAL TIP]

Ontario’s title insurance premium structure operates on tiered pricing that starts at property-type-specific base rates and scales upward through incremental charges beyond $500,000.

This means your $750,000 resale home doesn’t pay proportionally triple what a $250,000 property pays but rather adds $0.77 per thousand dollars above the threshold to a foundation cost that already differs by 51% between condos and detached homes.

Four licensed providers—Title Plus, First Canadian Title, Stewart Title, Chicago Title—maintain independent fee schedules despite standardized scaling methodology, making shopping essential because service fees vary even when base premiums align.

Add 8% HST to everything, turning that $180 resale base into $194.40 actual cost, and remember the secondary policy costs a flat $52 regardless of property value, which becomes $56.16 after tax when you’re protecting both lender and owner interests simultaneously.

Unlike recurring insurance products, title insurance requires one-time payment at closing rather than monthly premiums, which makes the upfront cost your total lifetime investment in protecting against liens, encumbrances, and title defects.

Similar to how lenders require continuous coverage without lapses for property insurance to protect their collateral, title insurance provides permanent protection from the moment of purchase forward, eliminating ongoing premium obligations while securing your ownership rights indefinitely.

Step-by-step selection process

Before you can compare premium structures or decode exclusion clauses, you need actual companies willing to quote your specific property. This means working backward from the professionals already involved in your transaction rather than cold-calling insurers from a Google search that ranks providers by advertising budget instead of relevance.

Start with your lawyer’s recommendations—they’ve seen which companies process claims honestly versus those that hunt for technicalities to deny coverage. Cross-reference those suggestions against FSRAO’s licensing database, then request draft policies from at least two providers to compare exclusions side-by-side.

Because one company’s standard coverage might classify your specific title defect as insurable while another buries it in fine-print exclusions, it’s important to scrutinize these differences carefully. You’re buying institutional accountability, not just paperwork, so make sure to evaluate claims-handling reputation before considering price. Just as lender overlays can exceed minimum requirements in mortgage underwriting, insurers often impose internal restrictions beyond basic policy language that affect your actual protection. Keep in mind that premiums are calculated based on purchase value, typically using a sliding scale regulated by FSRA.

Step 1: Understand coverage basics

You need to grasp what standard title insurance actually covers—title defects, liens from previous owners, survey errors, and fraud protection—because assuming “insurance covers everything” will leave you exposed when you discover that physical defects, environmental hazards, and zoning violations sit firmly outside the policy’s scope.

Expanded coverage exists to patch specific gaps in standard policies, typically adding protection for things like post-policy forgery or expanded legal defense costs, but you’ll pay more for features you may never use, so understanding the baseline matters before considering upgrades.

The exclusions deserve your closest attention, particularly the “known defects” clause that voids coverage for any issue you were aware of before closing, meaning your lawyer’s discovery of an easement during the transaction permanently removes that problem from your insurer’s responsibility, no matter how much you paid for the policy. Standard policies also cover issues that arise between purchase and government registration, protecting you during the critical gap period when ownership has transferred but public records haven’t yet updated.

Standard coverage [BUDGET NOTE]

Title insurance in Ontario operates on a surprisingly straightforward premise—pay once, protect forever—but the “standard coverage” label obscures meaningful variation between insurers, and if you’re assuming all policies guard against the same risks with equal vigor, you’re setting yourself up for an expensive lesson in fine print. Standard policies universally address public record defects, unpaid liens, survey errors, boundary disputes, and forgery scenarios, but coverage depth differs materially between providers despite identical terminology.

Property Value	Average Premium
Up to $500,000	$250–$300
$500,001–$1,000,000	$300–$400
Over $1,000,000	$400–$500

That one-time fee—roughly 0.42% of purchase price—buys permanent protection, covering legal defense costs and unknown claims emerging throughout your ownership period, though zoning violations, environmental contamination, and known defects remain conspicuously excluded. Most comprehensive policies typically cover around six unknown defects, establishing a practical limit on the breadth of protection despite marketing claims of exhaustive coverage.

Enhanced coverage

Enhanced policies cost approximately $50–$150 more than standard coverage—a marginal expense that transforms your protection from a historical record search into forward-looking risk mitigation. Yet most Ontario buyers dismiss this upgrade without examining what they’re actually declining.

Standard policies protect against pre-existing defects discovered through title searches, full stop—they’re retrospective documents that become worthless the moment fraud occurs post-closing or a neighbor encroaches six months after you move in.

Augmented coverage extends protection throughout your ownership period, covering post-purchase fraud, identity theft involving your property deed, zoning violations by previous owners that surface later, and building permit deficiencies you couldn’t have discovered initially. Enhanced policies also defend against disputes involving access rights and easements, issues that can emerge unexpectedly and require costly legal intervention.

The inflation protection alone—automatically increasing your coverage to 150% of purchase price—justifies the nominal premium difference, particularly given Ontario’s property appreciation patterns over typical ownership periods.

Exclusions [EXPERT QUOTE]

Before spending another dollar upgrading your coverage, understand this: every title insurance policy in Ontario—standard or improved, budget or premium—contains systematic exclusions that render significant categories of property risk completely uninsurable, and these carve-outs aren’t negotiable fine print buried in legalese but rather fundamental limitations that define where your protection ends and your personal liability begins.

Standard exclusions apply identically across all insurers—mechanics’ liens from contractors you never hired, unrecorded easements established through decades of neighbour use, rights of tenants in possession under oral leases never filed publicly. Environmental contamination, zoning violations you inherited, defective construction, malfunctioning septic systems—all excluded universally.

Property-specific exceptions appear in Schedule B-2: encroachments discovered by survey, recorded easements, existing liens. The police powers exclusion eliminates coverage for government enforcement actions unless violations appear in public records. Notably, specific numbered Covered Risks like Building Permits and Local Authority Searches remain protected despite the police powers exclusion, which explicitly states it does not limit coverage for these separately itemized protections.

Step 2: Compare providers

You need to compare the five major title insurers operating in Ontario—TitlePLUS, FCT, Chicago Title, Stewart Title, and Travelers—because they differ meaningfully in coverage inclusions, legal services protection, and cost structures, not just branding.

TitlePLUS stands alone as the only Canadian-owned option backed by the Law Society of Ontario, while the four US-based competitors (FCT, Chicago Title, Stewart Title, and Travelers) dominate market share but require closer scrutiny of what’s actually included in their standard policies versus what costs extra.

Market share doesn’t correlate with superior coverage, so you can’t rely on popularity as a proxy for value—you must instead examine each provider’s specific policy terms, claims handling reputation, and whether your lawyer has meaningful experience with that insurer’s processes. All policies require a one-time payment that remains valid as long as you own the property, eliminating ongoing premium costs regardless of which provider you choose.

FCT

First Canadian Title operates as one of Canada’s most recognizable title insurers despite being a US-based company, which matters less than you’d think given that it’s fully licensed in Ontario and handles both residential and commercial properties with the same regulatory obligations as domestic competitors.

What actually matters: FCT covers fraud, title defects, unpaid liens, boundary disputes, and municipal issues in its standard policies, maintaining protection for your entire ownership duration.

The company offers legal services coverage as an optional add-on requiring separate annual premiums paid through your lawyer, though not all legal professionals participate in this program, so you’ll need to verify availability. Unlike standard title insurance policies, FCT’s lender coverage often provides broader protection than owner policies, particularly for mortgage-specific risks.

FCT’s digital infrastructure includes Search Assist for municipal searches, real-time transaction tracking, and fraud detection systems that focus on preventing problems before closing rather than just reacting afterward.

Chicago Title

Chicago Title brings seven decades of Canadian operations and the financial backing of Fidelity National Financial—the largest title insurance group in the nation—which means you’re getting coverage from an insurer with deeper pockets and longer institutional memory than most competitors, though that longevity doesn’t automatically translate to superior service or broader protection.

Their residential policies run $200-$500 across Ontario, hitting roughly $1,000 in Toronto’s overheated market, with pricing tied to property value and whatever endorsements you tack on.

Coverage mirrors competitors in most respects—14 risks insured on commercial policies, over 40 endorsements available—but their policy language defines “Land” differently than others, which matters when you’re parsing what’s actually protected.

They exclude boundary walls, fences, and physical condition issues, same as everyone else.

In MacDonald v. Chicago Title Insurance Company of Canada, the Court of Appeal ruled Chicago Title’s interpretation was unreasonable and upheld coverage for structural defects making property unmarketable, demonstrating that courts will side with policyholders when insurers read policies too narrowly.

Stewart Title

Stewart Title’s 132-year operational history and 9.2% market share position it as a credible middle-weight contender in Ontario’s title insurance market, though that longevity matters less than what the company actually covers and what it costs—and here’s where things get interesting.

You’ll find residential owner policies, lender coverage, and commercial options spanning properties from single-family homes to six-unit dwellings, condos, vacant land, and cooperatives, with gap coverage protecting you between closing and deed recording.

The StewartPROTECT endorsement adds lawyer error protection for a nominal fee, covering screw-ups your legal professional makes during closing—available on residential policies but excluded from existing homeowner, commercial, or vendor take-back mortgage products.

Their 3.5% loss ratio indicates fewer paid claims than revenue collected, suggesting either rigorous underwriting or favorable risk selection.

You’ll pay a one-time premium calculated on your property’s purchase price, with no renewal fees required as long as you maintain ownership, and coverage extends to your heirs if you transfer the property to a spouse or children.

TitlePLUS

TitlePLUS operates as the only 100% Canadian-owned title insurer in the market, backed by the Lawyers’ Professional Indemnity Company—the same outfit that provides professional liability coverage to Ontario’s private practice lawyers.

This matters because this isn’t some American insurance giant treating Ontario as a satellite market but rather an entity born from the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1997. Its entire decision-making apparatus, revenue stream, and operational infrastructure are kept within Canadian borders.

The distinguishing feature you’ll actually care about: legal services coverage comes standard in every policy without additional premiums.

This means if your lawyer screws up the conveyance and you face title problems because of that error, TitlePLUS covers both the title defect and the legal malpractice simultaneously—a combination competitors require separate coverage for, forcing lawyers to purchase add-ons that protect their clients but cost extra annual premiums.

LAWPRO maintains an “A (Excellent)” rating from A.M. Best Company, the insurance industry’s primary financial strength evaluator, through consistent investment strategy and claims management practices.

Market share and reputation

The Ontario title insurance market concentrates around two American-owned giants—FCT Insurance Company and Stewart Title Guarantee Company—who together handle the majority of the province’s approximately $200 million annual premium volume.

This means when you’re shopping for coverage you’re statistically likely to end up with one of these two simply because lawyers, real estate professionals, and lenders have established workflows, preferred vendor relationships, and bulk pricing arrangements that funnel most transactions their direction.

You’ll find seven licensed companies total, but four treat title insurance as their primary business while only two relegate it to secondary status. This matters because insurers who specialize tend to process claims faster, maintain deeper fraud investigation capabilities, and develop more refined underwriting for edge cases.

Complaint records remain remarkably low across all providers—less than one percent of property and casualty complaints—suggesting reputation differences matter less than market position. Major providers like Fidelity National Title, which operates globally alongside players such as Allianz SE and Zurich Insurance Group, are actively pursuing strategic collaborations and acquisitions to expand their market presence and enhance service delivery capabilities.

Step 3: Compare coverage

Once you’ve narrowed down your provider options, you’ll need to scrutinize the actual policy documents because coverage isn’t standardized—one insurer’s “comprehensive” policy might exclude encroachments that another covers as standard, and those gaps will cost you real money when a neighbor’s fence sits three feet onto your property or an undisclosed construction lien surfaces post-closing.

Base policies typically cover fraud, title defects, and existing liens, but augmented options extend protection to issues like post-policy forgery, forced removal of structures due to permit violations, or subdivision non-compliance. This means you’re paying extra for risks that standard policies deliberately exclude despite being entirely foreseeable problems.

Pay particular attention to exclusion clauses, because insurers love burying deal-breakers in fine print—known defects, zoning violations, environmental contamination, and physical boundary structures like fences are routinely excluded. This leaves you unprotected in scenarios where you’d reasonably expect coverage, which is why comparing exclusion lists across providers matters as much as comparing what they claim to cover. Unlike home insurance that requires annual premiums, title insurance involves a one-time premium calculated based on your property’s purchase value, making the upfront comparison even more critical since you won’t have opportunities to switch providers later.

Base policy comparison

How drastically your title insurance policy differs in scope depends entirely on whether you select a standard Owner’s Policy or upgrade to the improved Homeowner’s Policy, and this distinction matters far more than most buyers realize because the gap between these two products isn’t incremental—it’s structural. The standard version protects you exclusively against defects surfacing from public records—forgery, prior liens, recording errors—while the homeowner’s variant extends protection to threats invisible in those records, including undisclosed tenants, unrecorded easements, and encroachment issues that demand survey documentation.

Coverage Element	Standard Owner’s	Homeowner’s Elevated
Public record defects	✓	✓
Unrecorded easements	✗	✓
Encroachment/boundary disputes	✗	✓
Building permit violations	✗	Limited

That 10% premium increase buys protection against scenarios standard policies flatly ignore. Both policy types require a one-time premium payment at purchase that remains valid throughout your entire ownership period, with no recurring annual fees.

Enhanced option comparison

Beyond selecting between standard and homeowner’s tiers, Ontario insurers fragment their provisions further through optional endorsements and bundled improvements—packages that aren’t standardized across providers, which means comparing coverage requires dissecting each company’s proprietary add-ons rather than consulting a universal checklist. You’ll need to request detailed schedules from multiple insurers because their marketing materials won’t reveal critical exclusions.

Coverage Element	Insurer A Approach	Insurer B Approach
Fraud protection limits	Capped at purchase price	Unlimited during ownership
Building permit coverage	Separate $25K endorsement	Included in enhanced tier
Subdivision violation	Excluded unless added	Standard in homeowner policy
Post-policy forgery	10-year limitation period	Coverage until sale

This fragmentation forces you to create comparison matrices yourself, matching each company’s terminology against actual risk scenarios rather than trusting their tier labels. The cost difference between standard and enhanced policies is typically only a few hundred dollars, making the expanded protection a relatively affordable upgrade when measured against the total value of your property investment.

Exclusion differences

While you’ve been comparing what insurers *include* in their policies, the more consequential analysis lies in what they *exclude*—and those exclusions vary substantially across providers in ways that marketing brochures systematically obscure.

Standard exceptions—unrecorded easements, mechanics’ liens, parties in possession—appear uniformly across policies, but special exceptions in Schedule B-2 reveal where insurers genuinely differ. One company might exclude specific utility easements that another covers; one might carve out mineral rights reservations while competitors don’t.

Environmental contamination, governmental power applications, zoning violations—these remain universally excluded, but the *scope* of each exclusion clause varies dramatically. You’ll find one insurer defines “known defects” narrowly (requiring written documentation), while another interprets it broadly (including verbal disclosure). Beyond title defects, insurers exclude damages from natural disasters and property wear and tear, which fall outside the scope of ownership claims entirely.

That distinction determines whether your claim succeeds or fails, making exclusion comparison far more predictive than coverage promises.

Step 4: Compare pricing

You’ll find that title insurance premiums in Ontario follow a straightforward calculation model—approximately $1 plus tax per $1,000 of property value above $500,000—which means a $750,000 property costs around $713 while a $1 million property runs roughly $983. These figures hold across most providers since the market’s competitive nature prevents wild rate variation.

The five licensed insurers (TitlePLUS, Chicago Title, FCT, Travelers, and Stewart Title) cluster their pricing within predictable bands, with FCT’s $150–$800 range and the broader market’s $200–$500 standard. This demonstrates that you’re not going to uncover dramatic savings by shopping aggressively, though you should still request quotes to confirm your lawyer isn’t steering you toward an unnecessarily expensive option.

What matters more than chasing the absolute lowest premium is understanding whether the fee structure includes legal services coverage or additional endorsements. Because a $50 difference in base cost becomes irrelevant if you’re missing protections that could save you tens of thousands in title defect scenarios.

Premium calculation

Title insurance premiums in Ontario operate on a one-time payment structure calculated primarily by your property’s purchase price, with the actual amount you’ll pay varying based on property type, location, and the specific insurer you select.

And contrary to what most buyers assume when they see that $200–$500 range quoted everywhere, those figures only apply to standard residential properties in modest markets.

Meaning if you’re purchasing an $800,000 resale home in Toronto, you’re looking at $650–$800, not the comfortable lower end of that outdated generalization.

The calculation formula applies $0.77 per $1,000 of purchase price above $500,000 for resale properties, while condos follow a different structure using an $88 base fee plus the same $0.77 incremental rate.

With 8% provincial sales tax applied universally across all policy types regardless of provider.

Major providers in Canada include Chicago Title, FCT Insurance, TitlePLUS, Travelers, and Stewart Title, each offering slightly different premium structures and coverage options.

Fee structures

Comparing title insurance pricing across Ontario’s four major providers—TitlePLUS, First Canadian Title, Stewart Title, and Chicago Title—reveals premium variations substantial enough to swing your closing costs by $100 or more depending on your property type and purchase price. This means treating this as a negligible detail costs you real money for identical coverage.

A $300,000 resale home carries premiums ranging from $238.80 to $351 across providers. Meanwhile, condominiums in that same bracket drop to $184.80-$193.32 because insurers calculate risk differently for units with shared infrastructure.

Your lawyer’s administrative fee adds another $75-$150. Stewart Title offers $100 rebates to qualified legal professionals arranging coverage online, which theoretically reduces your net cost if your lawyer participates and passes savings forward—an outcome you should verify rather than assume. Unlike standard home insurance which covers future risks, title insurance premiums represent a one-time cost that protects against past ownership issues for as long as you maintain interest in the property.

Bulk pricing

Bundling your owner and lender policies through simultaneous issuance cuts your premium by eliminating the duplicate base calculation that treating them as separate purchases would trigger—a mechanism that saves you between $125 and $175 on a typical residential transaction because insurers price the first policy on the full insured amount and tack additional policies on at a $50 flat fee rather than recalculating from scratch.

This tiered structure extends beyond two-policy combinations: each subsequent policy carries that same $50 increment, making multi-property or multi-party transactions disproportionately economical.

You’re not merely getting a discount—you’re exploiting the administrative efficiency insurers build into simultaneous processing. The flat-fee approach reflects reduced underwriting labor, not generosity, which means you’ll forfeit this advantage entirely if you stagger policy purchases across separate closing dates or split coverage between providers. Your lawyer handling the transaction will typically coordinate this bundling when ordering coverage from the insurer, ensuring all policies are processed together to capture the savings.

Step 5: Verify lender acceptance

Before you spend a dollar on title insurance, confirm your lender will actually accept the policy you’re considering, because most mortgage lenders maintain strict “approved insurers” lists and won’t fund your loan if you’ve purchased coverage from a provider they don’t recognize—leaving you scrambling to buy a second policy at closing or, worse, facing a delayed transaction.

Your lawyer should verify the insurer appears on your lender’s approved list during the application stage, not after you’ve already paid the premium, since switching providers mid-transaction creates unnecessary costs and delays that benefit no one except the insurance companies collecting duplicate fees. Title insurance coverage extends throughout your loan term, which is why lenders are particularly selective about which insurers they’ll accept for long-term protection of their security interest.

This verification takes one phone call or email to your lender, yet countless borrowers skip this step and discover too late that their bargain-priced policy from an obscure provider is worthless to the bank holding their mortgage.

Lender requirements

Your lender will determine whether you need title insurance long before you start comparing policies, and in nearly every Ontario mortgage transaction, the answer is non-negotiable: you’re buying it.

Banks, credit unions, and mortgage companies mandate lender’s policies as loan prerequisites because they’re protecting their investment, not yours—the coverage extends exclusively to their lien validity, foreclosure rights, and protection against undisclosed encumbrances or record errors.

You’ll purchase both the lender’s policy, which covers their interests until full loan repayment, and your owner’s policy simultaneously at closing, with your lawyer facilitating both transactions. The owner’s policy safeguards you against title defects and fraud for as long as you own the property, providing continuous protection beyond the mortgage term.

Confirm your lender’s specific policy requirements during mortgage approval, not days before closing, because acceptable insurers and coverage minimums vary between institutions, and discovering incompatibilities late costs you time and influence.

Approved insurers

Which insurers will your lender actually accept, and why does this matter when five companies dominate Ontario’s title insurance market? Most institutional lenders maintain approved lists that include TitlePLUS, Chicago Title, FCT, Travelers, and Stewart Title.

Though some smaller credit unions restrict options to one or two providers based on existing commercial relationships, your lender’s acceptance isn’t arbitrary. It reflects underwriting standards, claims-paying history, and regulatory compliance confidence that directly affects their mortgage security.

If you’ve already selected an insurer before confirming lender requirements, you’ll waste time reapplying with an approved alternative. This can delay your closing while your lawyer scrambles to generate replacement documentation. TitlePLUS stands out as the only 100% Canadian-owned title insurer operating in Canada, with all offices, decisions, and revenue remaining within the country.

Verify accepted insurers during your mortgage pre-approval stage, not three days before possession. Because reactive insurance shopping under deadline pressure diminishes your negotiating leverage entirely.

Coverage comparison matrix

Comparing title insurance policies in Ontario requires you to understand that not all coverage is created equal, and the differences between providers go far beyond price—they extend into fundamental questions about what risks you’re actually protected against and whether your lawyer’s errors will leave you exposed. TitlePLUS routinely includes legal services coverage in all residential purchase policies, while FCT holds the license but doesn’t include it, and Stewart Title can’t provide it at all, offering StewartPROTECT instead for an extra premium that still won’t protect you from post-closing calculation mistakes.

Provider	Legal Services Coverage Included
TitlePLUS	Yes, routinely in all residential policies
FCT	Licensed but not routinely included
Stewart Title	No—requires StewartPROTECT add-on

Price differences reflect these coverage gaps: for a $350,000 resale, you’ll pay TitlePLUS $238.80 versus FCT’s $322.92.

Standard features all include

Despite the variations in legal services coverage and pricing structures that separate TitlePLUS from FCT and Stewart Title, every standard title insurance policy in Ontario shares a core set of protections that exist because the fundamental risks of property ownership—fraud, liens, boundary disputes, registration errors—don’t change based on which insurer you select.

All Ontario title insurance policies protect against the same fundamental property ownership risks regardless of your chosen provider.

You’ll find exceptional liens from previous owners covered universally, along with fraudulent transfers, forged documents, and identity theft scenarios that could otherwise cost you $15,000–$50,000 in legal fees.

Municipal tax claims, encroachments from neighboring properties, survey errors affecting boundary determinations, and mistakes in the provincial land registration system all fall under standard coverage. Standard policies also protect against errors in surveys that could affect your property’s boundaries or dimensions.

Legal defense costs get included automatically, and protection extends indefinitely through a single premium payment, covering your spouse, children, and heirs without additional fees—though new buyers purchasing your property need their own policies.

Enhanced feature differences

Enhanced policies separate themselves from standard coverage through five expansion categories that address the timing gaps, financial limitations, and physical consequences standard policies deliberately exclude—and whether you need these expansions depends entirely on your property’s age, location density, renovation history, and how much financial exposure you’re willing to accept when problems surface years after closing.

Post-closing coverage protects against fraud and encroachments discovered during your ownership, not just pre-existing conditions.

Inflation-adjusted limits automatically increase coverage up to 150% of your purchase price as your $200,000 property appreciates to $300,000, without additional premiums.

Structural damage protection covers foundation repairs from boundary violations.

Building code coverage addresses unpermitted renovations by previous owners. Enhanced policies may also protect against forced removal of structures when boundary violations or encroachments are discovered after purchase.

Boundary dispute protection funds legal defense for easement and access challenges—particularly critical for rural properties with shared driveways.

Exclusion variations

While improved policies expand what’s covered, they don’t eliminate the fundamental exclusions that still leave you exposed—and understanding these variations across insurers matters because one company’s “comprehensive” coverage might exclude the exact risk that torpedoes your investment, particularly when dealing with property-specific exceptions that standard checklists conveniently bury in paragraph twelve of the fine print.

Every insurer carves out environmental contamination, zoning violations you created, and risks you actually knew about before closing, but the differences emerge in how they handle boundary disputes revealed by surveys, mechanics’ liens timing, and government work orders. One provider might exclude all municipal notices while another covers pre-existing violations if disclosed in public records, creating meaningful protection gaps when contractors file liens or inspectors discover code deficiencies that previous owners concealed. These Schedule B-2 exceptions define the scope of your policy and clarify what issues the insurer will not cover, making line-by-line review essential before you sign.

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Comparing policies requires side-by-side analysis because marketing materials obscure differences that cost you thousands when claims arise, and no regulatory body standardizes what “comprehensive coverage” actually means across Ontario’s competing insurers.

You’ll need a systematic comparison structure that isolates variables: legal services coverage (TitlePLUS includes it, FCT charges lawyers separately, Stewart excludes it entirely), fraud protection limits (some cap identity theft claims at $50,000 while others provide unlimited coverage), and post-closing error handling (most providers deny claims for calculation mistakes unless you’ve purchased specific riders).

The distinctions between lender’s policies protecting mortgage amounts and owner’s policies covering full property value create coverage gaps that sellers and mortgage brokers won’t explain, leaving you vulnerable to boundary disputes, undisclosed liens, and title defects that emerge years after closing.

Price range

Ontario’s title insurance premiums operate on a tiered structure that penalizes complacency, with resale homes valued between $200,000 and $500,000 typically costing $180 for a single policy.

Title insurance pricing rewards the informed and extracts maximum fees from buyers who assume standardized rates are non-negotiable.

Comparable condominiums drop to $88 and new construction falls at $139—distinctions that brokers won’t clarify because they’re incentivized to bundle services rather than itemize costs you could negotiate separately.

Properties exceeding $500,000 incur an additional $0.77 per $1,000 of excess value, meaning your $600,000 purchase adds $77 to the base rate, and million-dollar properties reach $800-$1,200 depending on property type and insurer selection.

Add a mandatory lender’s policy at $52 flat, Transaction Protection Endorsement at $25-$30, then apply Ontario’s 8% sales tax to everything, and you’re facing total costs that compound quickly if you’re not scrutinizing each line item before closing.

Despite the tiered pricing structure, the one-time premium eliminates recurring fees that plague other insurance products, maintaining coverage as long as you or your heirs retain ownership.

Typical premiums by price

Title insurance companies in Ontario apply a baseline calculation of roughly $1 per $1,000 of property value to establish their premium structure, which means a $500,000 home theoretically generates a $500 policy cost—except that’s where the marketing fiction ends and the actual tiered pricing begins, because insurers have carved out bracket systems that don’t scale linearly and penalize higher-value properties with disproportionate increases you won’t see explained in their glossy pamphlets.

Properties under $500,000 command $250–$300 premiums, the $500,001–$1,000,000 range extracts $300–$400, and anything above a million hits $400–$500, meaning your $1.2 million property doesn’t cost proportionally more than a $600,000 one despite doubling the value—the brackets compress margins as values climb, creating tiered plateaus that benefit insurers’ underwriting models while obscuring the promised dollar-per-thousand ratio you’d expect from straightforward multiplication.

Enhanced coverage premium

Enhanced policies extract an additional 10–20% premium surcharge over standard coverage depending on your provider and jurisdiction, which translates to roughly $0.82 more per $1,000 of liability when you break down the arithmetic—standard policies averaging $4.10 per thousand against enhanced policies at $4.92 per thousand.

But Ontario’s market doesn’t follow those tidy national averages because local insurers have engineered their own pricing matrices that balloon premiums to $800–$1,200 for properties around the $1 million mark, compared to the $200–$400 baseline you’d see on standard residential coverage. You’ll pay this premium just once at closing rather than facing recurring monthly payments, which distinguishes title insurance from other property protection products that require ongoing financial commitments.

That differential buys you inflation protection escalating coverage limits to 150% of your original purchase price, meaning your $200,000 property eventually carries $300,000 protection as appreciation compounds, whereas standard policies fossilize at purchase-day values regardless of subsequent market movements—a vital distinction when appreciation outpaces your static coverage ceiling.

Cost-benefit analysis

Your $300 property premium buys indefinite coverage that spans decades of ownership, transfers to heirs, and deploys specialized legal counsel whenever title defects surface—which means you’re fundamentally paying $300 to eliminate the risk of $30,000 legal bills when fraudsters forge mortgages against your property or when survey errors reveal your garage sits two feet onto your neighbor’s lot.

Compare this against the alternative: self-funding legal defense through title disputes, absorbing boundary correction costs, and personally negotiating with lenders whose security interests suddenly conflict with your ownership.

The one-time premium functions as permanent insurance, not annual expense, making the cost-per-year calculation absurdly favorable across typical ownership periods—$300 spread across twenty years equals $15 annually to maintain full legal defense funding and claim recovery mechanisms that activate automatically when title defects materialize.

Lawyer’s role

Ontario law doesn’t let your lawyer sit silently while you stumble into title insurance decisions—they carry a mandatory advisory obligation that requires them to explain available protection mechanisms, outline what title insurance actually covers versus what it excludes, and confirm that you understand purchasing a policy remains optional rather than legally compulsory.

Your lawyer must verify the legal description and PIN match your transfer documents exactly, name the insured parties correctly according to how title’s being held, and review every single coverage exception with you before closing.

They’ll identify fraud patterns in deleted instruments—frequent recent transfers at escalating values, suspiciously quick mortgage discharges—and consult underwriters early when you’re requesting “insure over” coverage for known defects.

Professional conduct rules prohibit them from accepting compensation from insurers for steering you toward particular products.

Your lawyer acts as an intermediary in placing the policy, certifying the title to the insurance company and ensuring proper placement in accordance with professional conduct rules.

Recommendations

How exactly should you navigate Ontario’s title insurance marketplace when three major providers offer seemingly similar products at different price points with dramatically different coverage implications?

TitlePLUS delivers superior value through extensive legal services coverage included at base premiums ($238.80 for resale homes) that protect against any lawyer negligence, regardless of whether errors constitute listed insured risks—meaning you won’t need to sue your lawyer when preventable mistakes occur.

FCT’s $322.92-$351 premiums require additional E&O Extra fees and force you into litigation for uninsured errors.

Meanwhile, Stewart Title’s $351 quotes can’t even offer legal services coverage despite higher costs.

The choice isn’t complicated: TitlePLUS costs less, covers more, and eliminates the absurdity of hiring lawyers to sue lawyers when conveyancing errors damage your property interests.

Ordering process

When you’ve selected TitlePLUS and need to actually obtain the policy, you’ll discover that ordering title insurance isn’t some direct consumer transaction where you browse a website, click “add to cart,” and receive coverage in your inbox—the process demands involvement with a real estate lawyer or notary who conducts the title search, identifies potential issues through thorough examination of public records (liens, encroachments, errors, boundary disputes), and finally orders the policy on your behalf during the conveyancing process.

You’ll need to provide your Offer to Purchase, the Property Deed showing current ownership and claims, your Mortgage Commitment letter outlining lender requirements, and the Real Property Report verifying boundaries—because insurers won’t issue coverage based on vague handshakes and optimistic assumptions about what you think you’re buying.

The entire arrangement requires a one-time premium paid during property closing, which typically ranges from CAD 800 to CAD 1,200 for properties around CAD 1 million in value, making it a single upfront cost rather than an ongoing insurance expense you’ll need to budget for annually.

Your choice ultimately

Why would you assume that your lawyer will automatically select the best title insurance policy for your situation when they’re often incentivized by referral relationships, volume discounts, and administrative convenience to steer you toward whichever provider makes their job easiest—not whichever policy protects your interests most exhaustively?

You retain the right to specify your preferred insurer, compare coverage options independently, and reject your lawyer’s default recommendation if another provider offers superior protection for comparable cost.

Given that premiums vary by hundreds of dollars—TitlePLUS charging $238.80 while Stewart demands $351 for identical property values—and coverage differs substantially in critical areas like post-closing errors and legal services protection, delegating this decision without scrutiny means you’re potentially overpaying for inferior protection simply because your lawyer prefers streamlined paperwork over your financial security.

Enhanced coverage decision

Standard title insurance operates like buying a bicycle lock that only protects against theft attempts documented on police reports filed before you made your purchase—which means the moment someone tries stealing your bike tomorrow using a method nobody’s recorded yet, you’re completely unprotected.

Improved policies eliminate this absurdity by covering post-purchase fraud, forgery, and identity theft throughout your entire ownership period, not just pre-existing defects.

You’re also getting automatic inflation protection that scales your coverage to 150% of purchase price, so when your $200,000 property appreciates to $300,000, you’re not catastrophically underinsured.

The upgraded version includes zoning violations, building permit issues, encroachments, and boundary disputes that standard policies explicitly exclude—which matters considerably when your neighbor’s foundation has been encroaching eighteen inches onto your property for three decades and nobody noticed until now.

For commercial transactions, Extended Protection Endorsements cover lawyer errors and omissions during the closing process, including mistakes in reviewing purchase agreements, conducting title searches, or disbursing funds—protection that lets you claim directly with the insurer rather than suing your lawyer.

Additional protections

Beyond the standard versus bolstered distinction lies an entirely separate category of protections you’ll need to deliberately request, because Ontario title insurers won’t automatically include them unless your lawyer specifically negotiates their addition during the purchase transaction.

Some critical title insurance protections remain hidden unless your lawyer specifically negotiates them into your policy during the transaction.

Post-policy date event protection, which covers future liens and neighbour encroachments occurring after closing, exists as an optional add-on that addresses issues arising during your ownership period rather than pre-existing defects.

Duty to defend coverage, separately negotiable, includes legal representation if title disputes emerge, potentially saving tens of thousands in restoration costs when fraud occurs. This protection proves especially valuable given that title insurance covers forgeries and fraudulent activities that could otherwise leave you vulnerable to significant financial losses.

For condos specifically, you’ll want protection against improperly communicated special assessments and loss of titled components like parking spots, while municipal compliance coverage shields you from previous owners’ unpermitted work requiring expensive remediation.

Cost vs benefit

When you’re paying $200–$500 for residential title insurance at closing—or up to $1,000 in Toronto’s inflated market—you’re purchasing perpetual protection against catastrophic financial loss that dramatically outweighs the premium’s sting.

This single payment shields you from title defects, fraud-related ownership challenges, off-title municipal violations, and boundary disputes that could otherwise cost tens or hundreds of thousands to resolve through litigation.

The duty to defend provision alone justifies the expense, covering legal fees that routinely exceed $50,000 when fraud surfaces, while the coverage extends to your heirs and surviving spouse without additional premiums.

Compare that one-time cost against your property’s value—the premium represents roughly 0.05% of a $500,000 purchase—and the asymmetric risk profile becomes obvious: minimal upfront investment eliminates potentially ruinous exposure.

When worthwhile

You’ll find title insurance indispensable in three overlapping scenarios—when you’re financing through a lender who mandates coverage, when your property sits in fraud-prone urban markets where title theft has escalated beyond theoretical risk into documented frequency, and when prior ownership history includes construction activity, multiple transfers, or any gap that could harbor undisclosed liens or permit violations.

The $850 premium becomes trivial against documented recoveries exceeding $24,000 for single incidents, whether fraudulent discharges or code compliance costs. Properties with renovations lacking permits, condominiums with complex fee structures, or homes purchased from estates where heirs might surface deserve coverage without debate.

Urban properties in Toronto, Ottawa, or Mississauga face heightened fraud targeting, making the calculation straightforward—you’re protecting against losses that dwarf the one-time cost while eliminating legal fee exposure that compounds exponentially during title disputes.

FAQ

How do you navigate the practical questions that surface after determining title insurance serves your interests—questions your lawyer won’t answer because they’re steering you toward their preferred insurer, questions your real estate agent deflects because commission timelines matter more than your coverage gaps?

Core questions demanding answers:

1. Premium calculations: Expect $200-$500 for residential properties, scaling at roughly $1 per $1,000 of property value, though Toronto markets push costs toward $1,000—one-time payment regardless of ownership duration.
2. Coverage duration: Owner’s policies protect throughout ownership and transfer to heirs; lender’s policies expire when mortgages discharge.
3. Provider selection: Five major insurers operate in Ontario—Stewart Title, First Canadian Title, Chicago Title, Travellers, TitlePLUS—with FSRA-regulated rates that still vary meaningfully between companies.
4. Policy differences: Commercial policies contain different exclusions than residential coverage; extended policies add identity theft protection beyond standard title defect coverage.

4-6 questions

Which policy fits your situation? The answer splits on a single axis—whether you’re carrying a mortgage or buying outright—because lender’s policies protect the bank’s interest while owner’s policies protect yours.

Contrary to what lawyers imply when they bundle both into closing costs, these serve fundamentally different beneficiaries with overlapping but distinct coverage boundaries.

If you’re financing, you’ll need both: the lender’s policy expires when you refinance or pay off the mortgage, leaving you exposed unless you’ve secured your own owner’s policy, which covers your equity indefinitely for a one-time premium of $200-$300.

Buying cash means you need only the owner’s policy, which protects against title fraud, unregistered liens, and survey errors—the catastrophic risks that surface years after closing when reconstruction costs exceed prevention.

Final thoughts

Why most Ontario buyers treat title insurance as paperwork theater rather than risk management reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of what they’re actually purchasing—this isn’t insurance against unlikely catastrophes like meteor strikes or zombie apocalypses, but protection against documented, recurring problems that emerge from Ontario’s land registry system with enough frequency that insurers profit while still paying claims.

Your $500 premium buys defense against title defects that routinely cost $15,000-$40,000 to resolve through litigation, making the cost-benefit calculation embarrassingly straightforward for anyone capable of basic arithmetic.

The companies offering these policies—Stewart Title, First Canadian Title, Chicago Title, Travellers, TitlePLUS—wouldn’t exist if claims were rare; they thrive because Ontario’s registry contains enough latent defects to sustain an entire industry while remaining profitable, which should tell you everything about actual risk exposure.

Most policies require only a single premium payment at closing or refinancing, after which coverage extends for as long as you own the property—a payment structure that eliminates the annual renewal hassles associated with other insurance products while providing permanent protection against historical defects that could surface decades after purchase.

Printable checklist (graphic)

When you’re sitting across from your lawyer at closing with sixteen documents demanding signatures, you won’t have capacity to evaluate whether your title insurance policy covers prior mortgage fraud or merely protects against spelling errors in the deed—which is precisely why you need this assessment completed before the signing appointment, not during the thirty seconds your lawyer allocates for “any questions about title insurance?”

The checklist below transforms the coverage categories, cost variables, provider distinctions, policy types, and exclusions into decision points you can actually verify against the policy your lawyer proposes. Because the difference between Stewart Title’s $351 premium and TitlePLUS’s $238.80 offering for the same $350,000 property isn’t just $112.20 in savings—it’s potentially different coverage for fraud protection, boundary disputes, and legal defense costs.

You won’t discover these differences until you’re facing a $28,000 encroachment claim from your neighbor and realize your cheaper policy excludes survey-related defects that the more expensive version covered. The title insurance company conducts a final title search immediately before closing to verify no new liens or claims have emerged since the initial examination, making this verification one of the most critical steps in confirming your property’s clear ownership status.

References

• https://newhomesalberta.ca/title-insurance-ontario-protect-your-property-investment/
• https://www.protectyourboundaries.ca/blog/post/title-insurance-ontario
• https://www.socciomarandola.com/blog/title-insurance-ontario/
• https://zinatikay.com/beginners-guide-when-to-get-title-insurance/
• https://www.ldlaw.ca/what-is-title-insurance-ontario/
• https://wowa.ca/title-insurance-Canada
• https://www.krcmar.ca/resource-articles/2013-05-25_0.pdf
• https://www.legalline.ca/legal-answers/title-insurance-3/
• https://www.aaron.ca/title-insurance-policies-can-differ/
• https://gowlingwlg.com/en/insights-resources/articles/2019/a-banker-asked-us-what-s-the-difference
• https://fct.ca/blog/ultimate-guide-to-title-insurance-property-owners-homeowners
• https://www.thinkinsure.ca/insurance-help-centre/title-insurance-ontario.html
• https://www.purvisculbertlaw.ca/not-all-title-insurance-policies-are-created-equally-lenders-title-policy-vs-owners-title-policy/
• https://www.practicepro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2014-09-title-insurance-different-policies.pdf
• https://www.deeded.ca/blog/real-estate-lawyer-title-insurance
• https://www.fsrao.ca/consumers/property-and-other-insurance/understanding-title-insurance
• https://www.lawrences.com/resources/faq/lists/faqs/what-is-title-insurance-and-is-it-mandatory-when-buying-a-house-
• https://lifereg.ca/title-insurance-faq/
• https://www.practicepro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/What-do-title-insurers-expect-full-paper.pdf
• https://devrylaw.ca/title-insurance-101/